Abstract

This study assessed the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) of body piercing and tattooing among youths aged 15–24 in Kumba III Sub-Division, Cameroon. Despite the global rise in body art and associated health risks like infections and bloodborne diseases, limited data exist on youths’ awareness and practices in semi-urban African settings. The study aimed to evaluate KAP levels, addressing gaps in localized research.

A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed, with data collected via structured questionnaires from 70 participants selected through convenience sampling. Descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square tests) were analyzed using SPSS. Results revealed high general awareness of health risks (82.9%), but gaps persisted in specific knowledge (e.g., 45.7% for HIV/AIDS). Attitudes were predominantly positive (52.2%), driven by fashion trends (51.4%) and peer influence (42.9%).

Despite awareness, unsafe practices were prevalent, with 52.4% using unlicensed providers and 35.7% reporting complications like infections. The chi-square test confirmed attitude as a significant predictor of practice (p = 0.003), while knowledge showed no association (p = 0.997).

The study concludes that while youths are generally aware of risks, unsafe practices persist due to social influences. Recommendations include targeted education, stricter regulation of providers, and community-based interventions to bridge the knowledge-practice gap.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Introduction

Chapter One introduces the study on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of body piercing and tattooing among youths in Kumba III Sub-Division, highlighting the global and local prevalence of body art and its associated health risks. It outlines the research problem, significance, questions, hypotheses, and objectives, emphasizing the need to assess youths’ awareness, attitudes, and engagement in these practices. Key terms are defined to provide a clear framework for the study, supported by relevant literature and sources.

1.1 Background of the study

Body piercing and tattooing have become increasingly popular worldwide, with global statistics indicating that approximately 30% of youths aged 18–25 have at least one tattoo or piercing (Braverman, 2012). In the United States and Europe, the prevalence of body art is even higher, with studies reporting that up to 40% of young adults have engaged in these practices (Mayers et al., 2012). Despite their popularity, these practices are associated with significant health risks, including infections, allergic reactions, and the transmission of bloodborne diseases such as HIV and hepatitis (WHO, 2021). This has prompted global health organizations to emphasize the need for awareness and regulation of body art practices.

In Africa, the prevalence of body piercing and tattooing varies significantly across regions, influenced by cultural, social, and economic factors. In sub-Saharan Africa, studies suggest that approximately 15–20% of youths have engaged in body art, with higher rates observed in urban areas compared to rural settings (Njoh & Awasom, 2018). In countries like South Africa and Nigeria, body piercing and tattooing are increasingly seen as a form of self-expression, particularly among young people influenced by global trends and media (Ferguson, 2014). However, limited access to health education and regulatory oversight in many African countries exacerbates the risks associated with these practices.

In Cameroon, the prevalence of body piercing and tattooing among youths is rising, particularly in urban centres like Buea, Bamenda, Douala and Yaoundé. A study conducted in 2020 found that approximately 10–15% of youths in these cities had at least one tattoo or piercing, with higher rates among males than females (Njoh & Awasom, 2018). In Kumba III Sub-Division, a semi-urban area, the trend is also growing, driven by peer influence, cultural practices, and the desire to conform to global fashion trends. However, there is limited data on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of youths in this region regarding body art, making it difficult to assess the associated health risks and design effective interventions.

The knowledge of youths regarding the health risks of body art is often limited, which can lead to unsafe practices. Studies have shown that many young people are unaware of the importance of hygiene and sterilization in tattoo and piercing procedures, increasing their vulnerability to infections and other complications (Vaishnav & Ahluwalia, 2021). In Cameroon, where access to healthcare information and services may be limited, this lack of awareness could exacerbate the risks associated with body art. Furthermore, the influence of media and celebrities often glamorizes these practices without adequately highlighting the potential dangers, leading to a gap between the perceived benefits and the actual risks (Mayers & Chiffriller, 2008).

Attitudes toward body art among Cameroonian youths are likely shaped by a combination of cultural, social, and individual factors. In some communities, tattoos and piercings may hold traditional significance, while in others, they may be seen as a modern trend influenced by globalization (Braithwaite et al., 2001). Understanding these attitudes is crucial for developing effective public health interventions that address the motivations behind body art while promoting safe practices. Additionally, the role of peer influence and social media cannot be underestimated, as these factors often drive young people to adopt body art without fully considering the consequences (Marker et al., 2006).

The health risks associated with body piercing and tattooing are particularly concerning in low-resource settings like Cameroon, where access to sterile equipment and licensed practitioners is often limited. Studies have shown that unsafe practices, such as using unsterilized needles or visiting unlicensed providers, significantly increase the risk of infections and bloodborne diseases (CDC, 2020). In sub-Saharan Africa, where healthcare systems are often overburdened, addressing these risks through education and regulation is critical to protecting the health of young people.

Understanding the motivation for body piercing /tattoo, its practice and its consequences will help in providing necessary strategies for interventions. These interventions may include creating awareness of the health consequences associated with body piercing and tattoos, counselling for young persons with or considering having body piercings/tattoos and as a maker for providing preventive health care services or rehabilitation programs.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Body piercing and tattooing have become increasingly popular among young people, often seen as a way to express individuality or follow trends. However, these practices come with significant health risks, including infections, allergic reactions, and the transmission of diseases like HIV and hepatitis (WHO, 2021). In Cameroon, the growing interest in body art among youths raises concerns about their knowledge of these risks, their attitudes toward these practices, and their actual practices. Many young people may not be fully aware of the dangers, such as improper sterilization of equipment or the long-term consequences of these practices. Without this knowledge, they are more likely to engage in unsafe behaviours, putting their health at risk.

Second, the attitudes of youths toward body piercing and tattooing play a significant role in whether they choose to engage in these practices. Some may view body art as a form of self-expression or cultural identity, while others may see it as risky or inappropriate. These attitudes are often shaped by cultural norms, peer pressure, and personal beliefs.

Unsafe practices, such as using unsterilized equipment or visiting unlicensed practitioners, can lead to serious health complications.

1.3 Significance of the study

The findings of this study would be of great significance to the following group of persons;

To Youths: This study will raise awareness among youths about the health risks, cultural implications, and societal perceptions of body piercing and tattooing, helping them make informed decisions.

To Parents: The findings will provide parents with insights into the trends and motivations behind body piercing and tattooing among youths, enabling them to guide their children better.

To the Society: The study will shed light on the cultural and social dynamics of body art, fostering a better understanding of its impact on community norms and values.

To Policy Makers: The results will inform policymakers about the need for regulations and educational programs to address the health and social implications of body piercing and tattooing.

To Religious Leaders: The findings will help religious leaders understand the prevalence of body art among youths, allowing them to address it within their teachings and community outreach.

To Health Practitioners: The study will equip health professionals with data on the risks associated with unsafe body art practices, enabling them to provide better care and education to youths.

To Future Researchers: This study will serve as a reference for future research on body art, providing a foundation for further exploration of its social, cultural, and health-related aspects.

1.4 Research Questions

1.4.1 Main Research Question

What is the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of body piercing and tattooing among youths in the Kumba III Sub-Division?

1.4.2 Specific Research Question

1. What is the level of knowledge about body piercing and tattoos among youths in the Kumba III Sub-Division?
2. What are the attitudes of youths in the Kumba III Sub-Division towards body piercing and tattoos?
3. What are the practices related to body piercing and tattoos among youths in the Kumba III Sub-Division?

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