Abstract

Peripheral intravenous cannulation is one of the  most Frequently procedures for hospitalized patients. Intravenous infusion therapy is used when a person must  receive fluids, electrolytes and medication swiftly or over a long period, such as, people in a life threatening  situation, people who can’t take oral fluids. 80% of the patients receive infusion therapy during their hospital stay.

Aim of the present study was to Investigate nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation at the regional hospital Buea. Descripitive research design was used. The study was carried out at the regional hospital buea. The subjects of the Study were all nurses(50) working at the above previously mentioned setting. Tool Of data collection that was used was a Questionnaire.

The results of the study revealed That some of the studied nurses had satisfactory knowledge regarding peripheral Intravenous cannulation while the majority of them had Unsatisfactory practice. There was no statistically significant relation between total Nurses’ level of knowledge regarding peripheral intravenous cannulation.

The study concluded that nurses were lacking Knowledge as well as practice toward peripheral intravenous cannulation. The study recommended that continuing training, educational programs and workshops concern the care of Patients with peripheral intravenous cannulation to nursing staff Working in a health care setting.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Intravenous infusion therapy is a process of introducing drugs or liquids in to the body through veins. Both central veins and peripheral veins can be used for this purpose. Goudra, B. G. , Galvin, E. , Singh, P. M. , & Lions, J. (2014).  Intravenous infusion therapy is used when a person must  receive fluids, electrolytes and medication swiftly or over a long period, such as, people in a life threatening  situation, people who can’t take oral fluids. 80% of the patients receive infusion therapy during their hospital stay.

Arbaee, I. (2016).Peripheral venous cannula insertion is the commonest  procedure carried out for intravenous fluid therapy and medication but sometimes it is used without indication. Study conducted on 1000 patients’ in general medical wards shows that “idle” intravenous cannula present in 33% of patients.

A group of complications can occur after peripheral  intravenous therapy and arterial vascular cannulation. Some of the important complications are infection, phlebitis, thrombophlebitis, infiltration, hematoma, nerve damage, fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance, embolism  and extravasations.Ray Barruel, G. , Polit, D. F. , Murfield, J. E. , & Rickard, C. M. (2014).The following are some ways on how to prevent complications on intravenous cannulation Educating and training  health care personal on how to maintain catheter, using maximal sterile barrier precautions during central venous catheter insertion.

Consequently, complicated intravenous cannulation can be cause by Gender, it’s more difficult to asses a vein in a woman then a man, body mass index, An increase in weight may cause an increase in the adipose tissue and, therefore, a decrease in the visibility of the veins, Age. The use of intravenous cannulation was introduced in 1960 by John Myers for the purpose of delivering fluids, medication, and other treatments directly into the bloodstream.

Globally about 30 million catheters are used in Australia each year, with up to 70% of hospitalized patients requiring a PIVC at some point during their hospital stay. Approximately 60% of hospital inpatients annually undergo PIC to receive therapeutic IV medication.

This may result in hospital acquired bacteremia as 6.2% of such incidence is directly attributed to the PIC  Osti, C. , Wosti, D. , Pandey, B. , & Zhao, Q. (2017).A study by Dragana (2019) ranked phlebitis 44%, followed by followed by infiltration 16.3%, occlusion and catheter dislodgement 7.6% and 5.6% respectively.  Such infections are also the part of nosocomial infections and associated with an increase in days of hospital stay, morbidity, mortality and hospital costs.

In the United States, 80,000 catheter related bloodstream infection (CRBSIs) and 250,000 cases of CRBSIs occur in intensive care units annually. Current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for adults recommend peripheral intravenous catheter replacement every 48 to 72 hours, but there are no pediatric recommendations. The rationale for changing catheters every 48 to 72 hours is to reduce the risk of complications such as phlebitis and infection .

Peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion is one of the most common invasive procedures performed in a hospital. Intravenous cannulation in hospitalized patients may cause complications such as phlebitis, infiltration, occlusion and dislodgement. Insertion of a peripheral intravenous catheter can be a traumatic experience for patients especially for child. Nearly half of all first insertion attempts also fail, causing undue pain and anxiety for patients as a result of multiple failed attempts. My  first attempt to set an IV line was not an easy task in the nursing field as l kept swabbing and looking for a suitable vein only to make a mistake at the end that led to inflammation and also inflicting pain on the patient. Diggs B, Hadjizacharia P, Green D, Salim A, (200).

Cannulas are prone to blockage and dislodgment, cause inflammation of the vein and infection. I also observe a senor nurse setting an IV line in clinic during my first internship in year one she had no problem setting a line for an adult but she had a little difficulties setting a line for an infant in which she ended up causing the baby pains.

This study therefore intends to assess care practices by nurses before, during and post cannulation and knowledge on related complications.  Thus, this study on “ intravenous cannulation, prevention and Complications in Regional Hospital Buea was to helps to reveal their understanding regarding care related to intravenous cannulation.

1.2 Problem statement

Intravenous cannulation is a critical    nursing skill that is essential for the safe and effective delivery of intravenous fluids, medications, and blood products. However, improper IV cannulation technique can lead to serious complications, including infiltration, extravasation, phlebitis, and infection, which can results in patient harm, prolonged hospital stays, and increased healthcare costs.

Despite the importance of this skill, studies have shown that many nurses lack the necessary knowledge and skills to perform IV cannulation safely and effectively. Common gaps in nurses’ knowledge include:

Proper aseptic technique for IV cannulation, Identifying appropriate vein selection and access sites,  Recognizing and managing common IV-related complications, Monitoring for signs and infiltration, extravasation, and phlebitis, Appropriate documentation and reporting of IV-related incidents.

These knowledge deficits can compromise patient safety and lead to adverse patient outcomes. Additionally, the lack of standardized assessment and training for IV cannulation skills across healthcare settings further exacerbates this problem.

1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 General objective

To evaluate nurses knowledge on intravenous cannulation, prevention and complication and related complication in regional hospital Buea.

1.3.2 Specific Objective

1. To assess nurses’ knowledge on intravenous cannulation
2. To assess nurses knowledge on the prevention of complications of intravenous
3. To assess nurses knowledge on complication of intravenous cannulation complication cannulation.

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