ABSTRACT

This study examines how globalization and international organizations affect Cameroon’s ability to make its own policies while maintaining control over its national decisions. Globalization has connected Cameroon to the world economy, bringing benefits like trade and investment but also challenges like reduced sovereignty. International organizations like the IMF and World Bank influence Cameroon’s policies, sometimes prioritizing global interests over local needs.

The research explores three main areas: (1) key policies in Cameroon shaped by international organizations, (2) how government officials view the balance between global cooperation and national sovereignty, and (3) the impact of these policies on local communities.

Findings show that while globalization has created opportunities, it has also led to job losses, inequality, and weakened local industries. Government officials try to balance international engagement with sovereignty but face pressure to follow external rules.

The study recommends that Cameroon negotiate better terms with international organizations, protect local businesses, and design policies that fit its unique needs. It also calls for inclusive development to reduce urban-rural gaps. By understanding these dynamics, Cameroon can engage globally while safeguarding its sovereignty and improving lives for its citizens.

Keywords: Globalization, State Sovereignty, International Organizations, Policy Influence, Cameroon.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background to the study

Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world’s economies, societies, and cultures (Held et al., 1999). It involves the free flow of goods, services, capital, and ideas across national borders, facilitated by advances in technology, transportation, and communication (Sassen, 1996). Globalization has led to the emergence of a global economy, where multinational corporations and international organizations play a significant role in shaping economic policies and practices (Woods, 2006).

According to Stiglitz (2002), globalization has the potential to promote economic growth, reduce poverty, and increase global cooperation, but it also poses significant challenges, such as income inequality, cultural homogenization, and environmental degradation. State sovereignty refers to the authority and autonomy of a state to govern its territory, population, and resources without external interference or influence (Krasner, 2001). It involves the state’s ability to make decisions, enforce laws, and regulate economic activities within its borders, free from external constraints or pressures (Sassen, 1996).

State sovereignty is a fundamental principle of international law and is recognized in the United Nations Charter, which affirms the sovereignty and independence of all states (United Nations, 1945). However, according to Rodrik (2011), globalization has eroded state sovereignty, as international organizations and multinational corporations have gained significant influence over national economic policies and practices.

The world has witnessed significant changes in the past few decades, with globalization emerging as a major force shaping the global economy and politics (Held et al., 1999). Globalization has led to the increasing influence of international organizations on national policy frameworks, raising concerns about the erosion of state sovereignty (Sassen, 1996). International organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO), have become key players in shaping global economic policies and promoting globalization (Woods, 2006).

The genesis of the problem lies in the post-World War II era when international organizations were established to promote global economic cooperation and stability (Ikenberry, 2002). Over time, these organizations have expanded their mandates and influence, often at the expense of national sovereignty (Rodrik, 2011). Today, international organizations play a significant role in shaping national policies, from trade and investment to health and education (Barnett & Finnemore, 2004).

The impact of international organizations on state sovereignty is a contentious issue, with some arguing that it promotes global cooperation and stability, while others see it as a threat to national autonomy (Krasner, 2001). For example, the IMF’s structural adjustment programs have been criticized for imposing harsh conditions on developing countries, undermining their sovereignty (Stiglitz, 2002). Similarly, the WTO’s trade agreements have been accused of favouring the interests of powerful nations and corporations, at the expense of smaller countries and local communities (Wallach & Sforza, 1999).

For example, the IMF’s structural adjustment programs have been criticized for imposing harsh conditions on developing countries, undermining their sovereignty (Stiglitz, 2002). Similarly, the WTO’s trade agreements have been accused of favouring the interests of powerful nations and corporations, at the expense of smaller countries and local communities (Wallach & Sforza, 1999). The European Union’s (EU) policies on migration and asylum have also been criticized for eroding the sovereignty of member states (Geddes, 2008).

The African continent has witnessed significant changes in the past few decades, with globalization emerging as a major force shaping the continent’s economy and politics (Held et al., 1999). Globalization has led to the increasing influence of international organizations on national policy frameworks in Africa, raising concerns about the erosion of state sovereignty (Sassen, 1996). International organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the African Development Bank (AfDB), have become key players in shaping Africa’s economic policies and promoting globalization (Woods, 2006).

The genesis of the problem lies in the post-colonial era when international organizations were established to promote economic development and cooperation in Africa (Ikenberry, 2002). Over time, these organizations have expanded their mandates and influence, often at the expense of national sovereignty (Rodrik, 2011). Today, international organizations play a significant role in shaping national policies in Africa, from trade and investment to health and education (Barnett & Finnemore, 2004).

For example, the IMF’s structural adjustment programs have been criticized for imposing harsh conditions on African countries, undermining their sovereignty (Stiglitz, 2002). Similarly, the World Bank’s policies on economic development have been accused of favoring the interests of Western nations and corporations, at the expense of African countries and local communities (Bond, 2006). The African Union’s (AU) policies on regional integration have also been criticized for eroding the sovereignty of member states (Mbeki, 2011).

The advent of globalization has significantly transformed the relationship between states and international organizations, particularly regarding policy formulation and state sovereignty. Since the late 20th century, globalization has facilitated increased economic, political, and cultural exchanges across borders, driven by advancements in technology and communication. In this context, international organizations such as the United Nations, World Bank, and International Monetary Fund have emerged as key players in shaping national policies worldwide (Held & McGrew, 2007). As states engage more deeply with these organizations, questions arise about the implications for their sovereignty and the autonomy of policy-making processes.

In Cameroon, the effects of globalization are particularly salient, as the country has actively participated in various international initiatives aimed at economic development and social progress. For instance, structural adjustment programs (SAPs) introduced by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in the 1980s and 1990s mandated significant economic reforms, including austerity measures and privatization (Bretton Woods Project, 2018). While these reforms were intended to stabilize the economy and attract foreign investment, they often led to reduced public spending on social services, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations and raising concerns about the erosion of state capacity to address local needs.

Moreover, the influence of international organizations extends beyond economic policies to encompass social and environmental governance. For example, Cameroon has been pressured to align its policies with global standards in human rights and environmental protection, as stipulated by various international treaties and agreements (Zourkaleini, 2019). This alignment can create tensions between adhering to external expectations and addressing the unique cultural and socio-economic contexts of the country. As such, the challenge for Cameroon lies in balancing the demands of globalization and international organizations with the preservation of its sovereignty and the ability to implement policies that genuinely reflect the needs of its citizens. This study aims to explore these complexities, providing a critical analysis of how globalization influences state sovereignty in Cameroon through engagement with international organizations.

For example, the IMF’s structural adjustment programs in the 1980s and 1990s imposed harsh conditions on Cameroon, including trade liberalization, privatization, and deregulation (Kofele-Kale, 1995). These policies had devastating effects on Cameroon’s economy, leading to widespread poverty, inequality, and unemployment (Mkandawire, 2001). Similarly, the World Bank’s policies on economic development have been criticized for favouring the interests of Western nations and corporations, at the expense of Cameroon and local communities (Bond, 2006).

This study aims to examine the role of international organizations in shaping Cameroon’s policy framework, with a focus on the implications for state sovereignty. By exploring the complex relationships between international organizations, national governments, and global governance, this study seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of the challenges and opportunities presented by globalization in Cameroon.

• Statement of the problem

In recent decades, globalization has fundamentally transformed the political and economic landscape of nations worldwide, including Cameroon. However, the increasing influence of international organizations on national policy frameworks raises critical concerns about state sovereignty. As Cameroon navigates the pressures and demands of global governance, there is a risk that its ability to make independent policy decisions may be compromised. This situation necessitates an examination of how international organizations shape Cameroon’s policies and the implications for the nation’s sovereignty and self-determination.

The problem is further exacerbated by the lack of a comprehensive understanding among policymakers and the general public regarding the dynamics between globalization and state sovereignty. Many stakeholders may not fully grasp how international agreements and partnerships can affect local governance, resource allocation, and socio-economic development. This ignorance can lead to the implementation of policies that prioritize international demands over local needs, resulting in discontent and social unrest among communities. As such, there is an urgent need to analyze the extent to which globalization influences policy decisions in Cameroon and the potential erosion of sovereignty that may ensue.

Additionally, the interplay between globalization and state sovereignty raises questions about accountability and transparency in governance. The reliance on international organizations can sometimes lead to prioritizing external interests over the voices of local communities, undermining democratic processes. This situation poses a challenge to effective governance and social cohesion, as marginalized groups may feel excluded from decision-making processes that directly affect their lives. Addressing these issues is essential to ensure that Cameroon can navigate globalization while preserving its sovereignty and promoting equitable development for all citizens. Thus, this study aims to shed light on these critical dynamics and provide recommendations for policy frameworks that balance international engagement with national interests.

1.3 Research Question

1.3.1 Main Research Question

How does globalization, through the influence of international organizations, affect state sovereignty and policy formulation in Cameroon?

• Specific Research Questions

1. What specific policies in Cameroon have been shaped by the influence of international organizations in the context of globalization?
2. How do Cameroonian government officials perceive the impacts of international organizations on national sovereignty?
3. In what ways do local communities experience the effects of globalization and international policies on their socio-economic conditions?

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