CHAPTER   ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

In Africa as a whole and in Cameroon in particular, people are delocalized from their various areas of  residence  and domiciles within the country. The internal displacement of people does not affect a particular range of  persons. Intra-regional armed conflicts, natural disasters, together with  economic  and socio-political struggles  have continued to result in the situation of internally  displaced persons  in  Africa in general and in of persons. It does not take into consideration age ,or sex. Every person living in a locality facing such situations warranting him to move will obviously move. Compelled to leave their homes, Internally displaced persons (IDPs) are also victims of  various forms of deprivations such as the loss of their homes and are  usually exposed  to particular  risks in the domain of  protection that is armed attacks in case of  abuses during their running away ,family separation  in which there is a great increase in the number of separated children or unaccompanied . There is equally the risk to be sexually violated, the arbitrary deprivation of their lands, their goods and displacement to zones barked by inhospitality in which they are most of  the time excluded, marginalized , discriminated upon . Faced with this, the IDPs are forced to make a remarkable effort to survive.  There were approximately 33.3 million displaced persons across the world, half of which are in Africa . Hence Africa is the continent having the highest rate of internally displaced persons in the world. Internally displaced persons upon safe arrival at their new  but  temporary location  have  basic  needs such as reasonable shelter ,food, portable water, healthcare, social security and several other needs .As examples of wars which led to the internal displacement of people in general and of children in particular were ;the Biafra  war in Nigeria from (1967-1970), the liberation struggle in Guinea Bissau(1963-1973), and the Nigeria- Cameroon  Bakassi Penisula conflict . One must equally  know that there  are equally diseases like Cholera, natural  disasters such as the Lake Nyos disaster which  occurred in 1986 which in one way or the other equally forcefully moved people reason  being that  a great proportion of  the population of the affected area is forced to settle in other  areas  which they deem better for their settlement. In a more specific illustration, that is ; with   the  case of Cameroon, some  research have proved that   there are 44,213,000 IDPs in north -west and south west regions of Cameroon    (OCHA December 2018), 237,349 of  returnees  in far north region  due to the Anglophone crisis and the Boko- Haram conflicts in the far north region.   The displaced  persons have lost  their source of  livelihood resources and savings to disaster and suffer great hardship . The government is responsible for providing them with basic needs during their stay in camp and adopting, implementing policies and techniques on how to manage them .  It is evident that IDPs become immediately dependent on others for basic needs  such as shelter, water ,limiting their participation to economic and political activities in their areas of displacement. Above  the basic needs ,that is shelter, water, food, there  is the need  for  internally  displaced children to benefit from several other rights ;education ,health and several others  due to the  fact that they are part and parcel of the Cameroon population and therefore should not be exempted from  benefiting from these various rights and privileges. The non-respect of the rights of these children  worldwide   in general and in Cameroon in particular  has been a call for concern.

1.2 Background To The Study

The  situation of  internally displaced persons in general and of children  in particular in  Cameroon  is as a result of the Boko- Haram conflicts in the far north region of Cameroon ,and the anglophone crisis in South West regions. Concerning the Boko- Haram conflict, it is a   branch of the islamic state of Iraq and Levant. It has been active in Nigeria since 2009 . The name of the group means «western or non-Islamic education is a sin » . The Boko- Haram group began to have interest for Cameroon between 2011 and 2013 where it started  spreading its ideology mainly in the Logone and Chari and Mayo  Sava  divisions of the far north.  The population of children in Cameroon under the age of  18 is 14% of the 22.2 million total population,  16% , children under the age of 5. This  depicts  the fact that children constitute  a great proportion of the population in Cameroon .The  Boko-Haram conflicts which involved the killing of people, the  bombing of  houses  and villages gave no choice to the young population to migrate within their country for a better living. On the other hand was  the anglophone crisis which is  the most significant and most recent situation paving way for the internal displacement of persons . This crisis has seen a considerable degree of armed violence in the North -West and South- West regions of  Cameroon.   The socio-political crisis that began  in  October  2016 in the Anglophone North- West and South West regions mutated into  armed  conflict at the end of 2017. This crisis  has  witnessed a considerable degree of armed violence  in the North West  and  South -West regions of  Cameroon . It can trace its origin back to nearly 60 years ago resulting from the dual trusteeship and mandate  rule .  In January 1st1960 , French Cameroon gained independence and became Cameroun  republic . Later that year, Nigeria gained  its independence from Britain and became a Federal republic . The British controlled southern Cameroons was then separated from Nigeria and was due to achieve  full independence on October 1st 1961. Since then , Anglophones have

Oushed  for  autonomy. This call is actually supported in  a UN resolution passed in April 1961 that  defines  the  joining of the 2 former   territories as a federation of 2 states  equal in status  and  autonomous.  In  October 2016, lawyers  went on strike in an effort to make the government translate the OHADA Uniform Act in English and to make certain reforms in the justice system as far as common law is concerned in which the lawyers were roughly manhandled by the  security forces . The Anglophone  crisis resulted to a lot of destruction of property , loss of lives thereby forcing people and children in particular in the affected localities to move .  Many children found themselves  moving to run away in order to find a place to continue the story of their lives where it ended. Some statistics  have showed that there are 444.213 IDPs in the North- West and South West regions (OCHA December 2018), 237.349 returnees in the North -West and  South- West regions (OCHA December 2018) .

In  relation to the aforementioned crisis, there has  been the promulgation of texts of the United Nation organization which will serve as a base for the for the  future laws of Cameroon  concerning the internally displaced.   Internally  displaced persons shall enjoy in full equality the  same rights  and freedoms  under  international and domestic  law as do other persons in their country. The shall not be discriminated against in the enjoyment  of  any rights  and  freedoms on the ground that they are internally displaced.   These  principles  shall  be observed by all authorities, groups and persons irrespective of their legal status and applied  without  any adverse distinction. The observance of these principles shall not affect the legal status of any authorities , groups or persons involved.   Internally misplaced  persons  have  the  right to seek safety in another part of the country , the right to leave their country, the right to seek asylum in another country and the right to be protected   against  forcible return to or  resettlement  in any place where their life , safety , liberty and / or  health would be at risk. More to that, the convention on the rights of the child  brings forth articles on the protection of children.   For purposes  of  the  present convention, a child means every human being below the age of 18 years unless the  law applicable to the child , majority is attained earlier.  Hence, internally displaced children  are vested with rights which must be respected in Cameroon.

1.3 Statement Of The Problem

It is true that internally displaced children have rights like other children who have not witnessed wars or situations leading to destabilization thereby causing the internal movement of children. These rights have been protected through the provisions brought forth by international conventions to which Cameroon is a party to like the Geneva convention and the  Kampala Conventions with the later being adopted in  Uganda  on the 23rd October 2009 and which was put  in place on the 06th of December 2012, even though not respected stricto censo that is, the violation of the rights of internally  displaced children is still a common phenomenon. 1 Many internally  displaced  persons in the South West and North West regions are living in overcrowded conditions without dignified shelter with basic hygiene and domestic difficulties. Only about 8% of  the population has been reached by the UNCHR. Protection incidents continue to be reported mostly by women in the 18-59 years of age bracked but also by unaccompanied and separated minors, people with disabilities and lactating and pregnant women.

-More to that is the fact that the internally displaced children in Cameroon face the problem of non-scholarisation . Many of them being of tender age are found selling on the streets at periods at which they are supposed to be in schools exercising their right to education and exposing themselves  to motor accidents and several other forms of risk considering the dangerous society in which we live in. Another problem is that these children are not morally catered for and are not protected considering the trauma they have gone through. They are exposed to kidnapping, rape and other inhuman practices as they are on the streets vulnerable to the society.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What are the laws protecting internally displaced children in Cameroon?
2. Who are those to ensure the effective implementation of those rights towards these children?
3. How effective are the mechanisms protecting internally displaced children in Cameroon?
4. What then are the possible recommendations and mechanisms for the protection of the rights of internally displaced children in Cameroon?

1.5 Objectives Of The Study

The general goal of this research is to examine the protection of the rights of internally displaced children in Cameroon.

As specific objectives;

1. To analyze the laws protecting internally displaced children in Cameroon
2. To examine the actors engaged in the protection of the rights of internally displaced children.
3. To assess the effectiveness of the protection of internally displaced children in Cameroon
4. To bring forth possible solutions or recommendations for the effective protection if internally displaced children in Cameroon.