CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

This chapter is going to be made up of the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research question, significance of the study, scope of the study and operational definition of terms.

1.1 Background Of The Study

Historically, screen printing first appeared in a recognized form in China during the Song Dynasty, (960 – 1279AD) as a way of transferring design onto fabric. Screen printing was introduced to Western Europe from Asia sometime in the late 1700s but didn’t gain large acceptance or use in Europe until silk mesh was available for trade from the East and a profitable outlet for the medium discovered.

The Englishman Samuel Simon patented the screen printing form most familiar in the Western World in 1907. It began as an industrial technology and was then adopted by American Graphic Art well before the 1990s; Japan and other Asian countries adopted the method of printing and advanced the craft using it in conjunction with block printing and paints.

Screen printing was first patented in England by Samuel Simon in 1907. It was originally used as a popular method to expensive wallpaper, printed online, silk, and other fine fabrics. Western screen printers developed reclusive, defensive intended to keep secret their workshops knowledge and technique.

Early in the 1910s, several printers experiment with photos reactive chemicals used the well know actinic light activated cross linking or hardening traits of potassium sodium or ammonium bictromate chemical with glues and gelatin compounds.

Roy Beck, Charles Peter and Edward Owens studies and experimented with chromic acid salt sensitized emulsion for photo reactive stencils. This trio of developer would prove to revolutionize the commercial screen printing industry by introducing photo image stencil to the industry, though the acceptance of this method would take many years. Commercial screen printing now uses sensitizer far safer and less toxic than bichromates.

Joseph Ulano founded the industry chemicals supplier Ulano and in 1928 created a method of applying a lacquer soluble stencil material to a removable base .the print area removed and the remaining material adhered to mesh to create a sharp edged screen stencil.

A group of artists who later formed the National Serigraphy in the 1930s to differentiate the Artistic application of screen printing from the Industrial use of the process. Serigraphy is a combination word from the Latin word seri “silk” Greek word graphein (to write or draw). History (1960s) to present credit is generally given to the artist Andy Warhol for popularising in the United States.

Warhol is particularly identified with his 1962 depiction of Actress Marilyn Monroe screen printed in garish colour. Warhol was supported in his production by Master Screen Printer Michel Caza, founding member of Fespa American Entrepreneur, Artist and Inventor Michael Vasilantone would developed and patent a rotary multiColour garment screen printing machine in 1960.

The original rotary machine was manufactured to print logos and team information on bowling garment but soon direct to the new fad of printing on t-shirt. Another variation digital hybrid screen printing is a union between analog direct to garment printing two of the most common textile embellishment the technologies in yes today.

Screen printing is widely used today to create mass or large batch produced graphics, such as poster or display stands. The most popular mesh in general used is made of polyester. There are special use mesh material of nylon and stainless steel, a variable to the screen printer.

There are also different types of mesh size which will determine that outcome and look of the finished design on the material.  The poster shop of heart mountain was relocation center which was operated by Japanese American Internee, who uses the silk screen method of print information for the entire center (January, 1943).

Historian of New York WPA Poster Shop give sole credit to Anthony Velonis for establishing silkscreen method used there, a reputation bolstered by the publication of his 1937 booklet Technical Problem of the Artist. Technique of the Silkscreen Process Guido Lengweriller has corrected this misunderstanding in his book.

A history of screen printing published in English in 2016 outgrowth of these WPA poster shop at least two New York City studios in wartime started decorating ceramic tiles with fire on underglaze applied by silkscreen stating as early as 1939 (Esteban Soriano and Harold Anbellace designed tile).

The Printer’s National Environmental Assistance Center says screen printing is arguably the most versatile of all the printing process. Sister Mary Corita Kent gained international frame for her vibrant Serigraphy during the 1960 and 1970s her work were rainbow coloured contained words that were both political and fostered peace and love and care.

American Entrepreneur, Artist and Inventor Michael Vasilantone started to use developed and sell a routable multiColour garment screen printing machine in 1960. Vasilantone letter filed for a patent on his invention in 1967 which was granted with the number (2427964) on 18th February, 1969.

This original machine was manufactured to print logos and team information on bowling garments but was soon directed to the new fad of printing on t-shirt. The Vasilantone patent was licensed by multiple manufacturers of the resulting production and boom in printing t-shirts made this garment screen printing currently account for over half of the printing garment activity in United States.

Graphic screen printing is widely used today to create mass or large batch produced graphic such as poster or display stands full colour print can be created by printing in CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow and black), screen printing lend itself well to printing on canvas.

Andy Warhol, Arthur Okamura, Robert Rausuchenbery, Roy Lichtenstein and Harry Gottlieb and many other artists has used screen printing as an expression of creativity and artistic vision. Another variation digital hybrid screen printing is a union between analog direct to garment printing two of the most common textile embellishment technologies in used today.

Screen printing sample was printed based on identified variables, the print trials were conducted with an MS JP5 Evo printer with Kyocera Drop on Demand (DOD) piezoelectric print heads. The visual assessment was carried out in the colour science lab in Wilson College of Textiles at North Carolina State University. Originally, a profitable industrial technology, screen printing was eventually adopted by Artists as an expensive medium for duplication well before the 1900s.

It is currently popular both in fine arts and in commercial printing, where it is commonly used to print images on t-shirt, hat, polypropylene paper, metals and wood. A screen is made up of a piece of porous finely woven fabric called mesh stretched over a frame of aluminum or wood. Originally, human hair then silk was woven into screen mesh currently most mesh is made of man-made material such as Steel nylon and polyester.

Areas of the screen are blocked off with a job permeable material to form a stencil which is a native to the image to be printed, that is, the open space are where the ink will appear. The screen is placed atop a substrate such as paper or fabric ink is placed on top of the screen, and a fill bar which is also known as the fuloodbar is used to fill the mesh opening with the fill bar at the rear of the screen and behind reservoir of ink. The operator begins with the few bars at the rear of the screen and behind a reservoir of ink.

Another advantage of screen printing is that large quantities can be produced rapidly with new automatic presses, up to 1200 shirts in 1 hour (the record is over 2000 shirts an hour). The documented record for shirts printed in one hour by a single operator is 1805. Maddie Sikorski of the New Buffalo Shirt Factory in Clarence, New York (USA) set the record on 18 February 2005 at the Image Wear Expo in Orlando, Florida, USA, using a 12 – Colour M&R Formula Press and an M&R Passport Automatic Textile Unloader.

1.2 Statement Of The Problem

Creating African traditional regalia for the Lewoh people so that they can be unique in other for easy identification. Introducing our traditional symbols since our forefathers brought into existence. We the Lewoh people have forgotten about the symbols that signifies us. Solidarity among the Lewoh people in order to maintain the cultural in heritage.

1.3 Objective Of The Study

1.3.1 Main Objective

The main objective is to design African transitional motifs with the use of screen printing

1.3.2 Specific Objective

1. To design and produce screen printing design using motifs.
2. To identify and generate traditional motifs with the use of screen printing.
3. To find out the quality and quantity of the fabrics for the production of traditional designs on African fabric for the Lewoh people.

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