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Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes multi-systemic disease and is one of the world’s most serious public health challenges. HIV infection destroys CD4+ and impairs cell mediated immunity, increasing the risk acquiring of infections and cancers. There are two HIV types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 causes most HIV infections worldwide, but HIV-2 causes a substantial proportion of infections in parts of West Africa.

Despite the measures taken for people living with HIV, hematological disorders have been linked to an increased risk of the disease itself as well as potential adverse effects arising from antiretroviral therapy (ART). Given the increased use of ART, a detailed assessment of hematological disorders and the associated factors is essential for HIV management and ART monitoring. Thus, this study aims to assess determinants of hematological disorders among HIV patients on ART.

The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of hematological indices abnormalities and the associated factors in the Tiko Central Clinic, Buea Regional Hospital, and CDC Cottage Hospital.

This was a laboratory-base cross sectional study that was conducted amongst HIV patients on ART  at the Tiko Hospital from the month of February to May 2024. Following informed consent, data on HIV treatment history and clinical parameters were collected, and life styles, hematological parameters were analyzed.  A sample size of 180 participants was recruited. A structured questionnaire was used to determine information on socio demographic characteristics, life style, medical records and information on antiretroviral therapy. Only HIV patients on antiretroviral who accept the informed consent will be recruited into the study. Data collection was analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics 20 software. Pearson’s correlation and chi-square test will be used to test statistical variables.

A total of 179 HIV patients on ART took part in the study. With respect to age, 47/179(26.3%) were of the range 46-50years, and the least were those aged between 51-55years old 34/179(19.0%). Majority of the participants were on first line of ART regimen 175/179(97.8%) and 4/179(2.2%) were on second line of regimen. 18/179(10.1%) of the participants had undergone blood transfusion, 4/179(2.2%) of the participants were diabetic and 14/179(7.8%) had hypertention. With regardsto the hematological parameters of the study participants, we observed an abnormal low hematocrit level in 101/179(54.6%) and 45% of the patients had low hemoglobin level. We observed that anemia occurred in 59/179 (33.0%) and 74/179(41.3%) of the participants had leukopenia and 9/179(5.0%) had thrombocytopenia. Thus, 95/179(73.1%) had atleast one hematological disorder and 77/179(43.0%) had no hematological disorder.

This study provided adequate information and evidence on the association between the use of ART and hematological parameters. It also provided valuable preliminary data for more extensive and detailed research on this study. The prevalence value obtained from this study will alert researchers, guideline developers, and policy makers for improved management of HIV infection.

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